• High-energy-density and high-voltage cathodes are advanced through Mn-based spinels and layered oxides; systematic synthesis and optimization enable higher operating voltages and capacity in Li batteries [3], [8], [9], [10], [12], [19].

• Electrochemical interfaces and Li cycling efficiency shaped performance by examining solvent effects and redox processes in Li-based cells; primary emphasis on carbonate electrolytes and LiCoO2, LiNiO2 behaviors driving stability and efficiency [13], [14], [17], [18], [19].

• Structure–property links are built by integrating synthesis, crystallography and phase analysis of LiMn-O oxides (layered LiMnO2, spinel LiMn2O4, CDMO), linking composition and structure to battery performance [3], [7], [8], [9], [11], [20].

• Foundational electrochemical energy storage science and device development established early paradigms for Li batteries, including battery configurations, electrolyte choices, and performance metrics [4], [13], [14], [18], [19].

• Broader energy storage research situates chemical batteries within renewables and thermal storage, reflecting cross-domain problem framing for energy storage systems (solar and latent-heat storage) [6], [15], [16].